{"id":4555,"date":"2017-04-07T18:52:16","date_gmt":"2017-04-07T18:52:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/task34.ieabioenergy.com\/?page_id=4555"},"modified":"2021-02-18T11:31:28","modified_gmt":"2021-02-18T11:31:28","slug":"lignin","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/task34.ieabioenergy.com\/lignin\/","title":{"rendered":"Lignin"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Key Points<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Lignin has gained interest as a potential source for biomass derived aromatic compounds<\/li>\n<li>Pyrolysis of lignin is challenging, but may provide a method for depolymerizing complex lignins<\/li>\n<li>Subsequent processing of depolymerized lignins may be considered for aromatic fuels and chemicals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/www.pyne.co.uk\/Resources\/user\/projects\/lignin\/lignin%20owder.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" align=\"\" border=\"0\" \/>Lignin is the second most abundant component in typical biomass, but more uniquely may be one of the few routes to aromatic compounds not derived from petroleum. As a common product from processes that use biomass as a feed, such as the paper industry, subsequent research has also been common.\u00a0 Lignin pyrolysis has been studied for nearly 100 years aiming to unravelling the structure of the aromatic biopolymer and produce a reliable source of monomeric phenols.<\/p>\n<p>Reviews of the lignin research from 1920-1980, were performed by Goldstein [1] as well as Allan and Mattila [2].\u00a0 Review of the period from 1980 to 2000 was covered by Amen-Chen et al revealing that through many decades lignin little consideration has been paid to the use of lignin as a chemical resource [3].<\/p>\n<p>One method of depolymerization of lignin has been demonstrated in research in pyrolysis of lignin.\u00a0 Degradation mechanisms were evaluated by\u00a0 analytical pyrolysis methods (Curie point pyrolysis, heated filament, micro-oven) combined with hyphenated separation and detection systems (GC\/MS) [4-7]. Mass spectral information was provided by Faix et al. [8]. Influence of pyrolysis conditions on the kinetics of lignin pyrolysis was recently investigated by Britt et al. [9].<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/www.pyne.co.uk\/Resources\/user\/projects\/lignin\/Lignin.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"413\" align=\"\" border=\"0\" \/>With the continued emphasis on seeking holistic solutions in biorefineries, lignin has been considered with renewed interest as a resource for aromatic chemicals that are not sourced from petroleum processing. This is accentuated by the potential availability of larger sources of kraft lignin through employing advanced precipitation technologies [10-12].<\/p>\n<p>However, pyrolysis of lignin is not as straighforward as pyrolysis of neat biomass.\u00a0 Dry thermal depolymerization of lignin, such as fast and slow pyrolysis, suffers from various challenges:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Continuous feeding is difficult, as lignin tends to melt around 90\u00b0C;<\/li>\n<li>Low yields of monomeric aromatics are obtained (5-15 wt%);<\/li>\n<li>There exist a spectrum of alkylated aromatics, which are less prone to further reactions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These observations became obvious in a recent round robin testing organized by the IEA Task 34 [13].<\/p>\n<p>To increase yields and to simplify the composition of the monomeric products, advanced processes are needed such as hydrocracking. In the presence of a suitable catalyst and under hydrogen pressure better yields and more attractive compositions can be expected [14-19].<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, consideration of hydrothermal liquefaction may prove to address the challenges of feeding to the depolymerization reaction and provide additional advantages to co-mingling catlysis with the depolymerization.<\/p>\n<h3>References<\/h3>\n<p>[1] Goheen, D.W., Chemicals from lignin, CRC, 1981, pp. 143-161.<br \/>\n[2] Allan, G.G. and Mattila, T., High energy degradation, in lignins &#8211; Occurrence, Formation Structure and Reactions, K.V. Sarkanen, C.H. Ludwig, (Eds.), Wiley Interscience, New York, London, Sydney, 1971, pp. 575-596.<br \/>\n[3] Amen-Chen, C., Pakdel, H. and Roy, C., Production of monomeric phenols by thermochemical conversion of biomass: a review, Bioresource Technology, 79, 277-299 (2001).<br \/>\n[4] Lopes, F.F., Silverio, F.O., Baffa, D.C.F., Loureiro, M.E. and Barbosa, M.H.P., Determination of Sugarcane Bagasse Lignin S\/G\/H Ratio by Pyrolysis GC\/MS, J. Wood Chemistry and Technology, 31, 309-323 (2011).<br \/>\n[5] Laskar, D.D., Ke, J., Zeng, J., Gao, X. and Chen, S., Py-GC\/MS as a powerful and rapid tool for determining lignin compositional and structural changes in biological processes, Current Analytical Chemistry, 9, 335-351 (2013).<br \/>\n[6] Vinciguerra, V., Spina, S., Luna, M., Petrucci, G. and Romagnoli, M., Structural analysis of lignin in chestnut wood by pyrolysis-gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 92, 273-279 (2011).<br \/>\n[7] del, R.J.C., Rencoret, J., Prinsen, P., Martinez, A.T., Ralph, J. and Gutierrez, A., Structural Characterization of Wheat Straw Lignin as Revealed by Analytical Pyrolysis, 2D-NMR, and Reductive Cleavage Methods, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60, 5922-5935 (2012).<br \/>\n[8] Faix, O., Meier, D. and Fortmann, I., Thermal degradation products of wood. A collection of electron-impact (EI) mass spectra of monomeric lignin derived products, Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 48, 351-354 (1990).<br \/>\n[9] Britt, P.F., Buchanan, A.C. and Kidder, M.K., Pyrolysis mechanisms of lignin model compounds, American Chemical Society, 2008, pp. Fuel-137.<br \/>\n[10] Jankovic, B., The comparative kinetic analysis of Acetocell and Lignoboost<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> lignin pyrolysis: the estimation of the distributed reactivity models, Bioresource Technology, 102, 9763-9771 (2011).<br \/>\n[11] Beis, S.H., Mukkamala, S., Hill, N., Joseph, J., Baker, C., Jensen, B., Stemmler, E.A., Wheeler, M.C., Frederick, B.G., van, H.A., Berg, A.G. and De, S.W.J., Fast pyrolysis of lignins, BioResources, 5, 1408-1424 (2010).<br \/>\n[12] Tomani, P., The Lignoboost process, Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 44, 53-58 (2010).<br \/>\n[13] Nowakowski, D.J., Bridgwater, A.V., Elliott, D.C., Meier, D. and de Wild, P., Lignin fast pyrolysis: Results from an international collaboration, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 88, 53-72 (2010).<br \/>\n[14] Li, C., Zheng, M., Wang, A. and Zhang, T., One-pot catalytic hydrocracking of raw woody biomass into chemicals over supported carbide catalysts: simultaneous conversion of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, Energy and Environmental Science., 5, 6383-6390 (2012).<br \/>\n[15] Marker, T.L. and Petri, J.A., Production of gasoline, diesel. naphthenes and aromatics from lignin and cellulose waste one step hydrocracking, Aug. 9, 2011, UOP LLC, Des Plaines, IL, USA, 2011.<br \/>\n[16] Meier, D., Catalytic hydrocracking of lignins to useful aromatic feedstocks, DGMK Tagungsber., 2008-3, 299-304 (2008).<br \/>\n[17] Johnson, D.K., Chum, H.L., Anzick, R. and Baldwin, R.M., Preparation of a lignin-derived pasting oil, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 24-25, 31-40 (1990).<br \/>\n[18] Koyama, M., Kanazawa, K., Yamadaya, M., Sugimoto, G. and Nakasato, S., Hydrocracking of Lignin I. Effects of reaction temperature and iron catalysts, Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 33, 571-575 (1987).<br \/>\n[19] Parkhurst, H.J., Huibers, D.T.A. and Jones, M.W., Production of phenol from lignin, ACS Symp. Ser. Altern. (Feedst. Petrochem. Div. Petroleum Chem.), 25, 24-29 (1980).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key Points Lignin has gained interest as a potential source for biomass derived aromatic compounds Pyrolysis of lignin is challenging, but may provide a method for depolymerizing complex lignins Subsequent processing of depolymerized lignins may be considered for aromatic fuels and chemicals Lignin is the second most abundant component in typical biomass, but more uniquely [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/task34.ieabioenergy.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4555"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/task34.ieabioenergy.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/task34.ieabioenergy.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/task34.ieabioenergy.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/task34.ieabioenergy.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4555"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/task34.ieabioenergy.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4555\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6414,"href":"https:\/\/task34.ieabioenergy.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4555\/revisions\/6414"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/task34.ieabioenergy.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4555"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}